Breast Cancer Facts:
1) On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer and 1 woman will die of breast cancer every 13 minutes.
2) Each year it is estimated that over 252,710 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 40,500 will die.
3) Although breast cancer in men is rare, an estimated 2,470 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 460 will die each year

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a nuclear receptor for estrogens such as estradiol (the main endogenous human estrogen). The two different estrogen receptor proteins produced from the ESR1 and ESR2 genes are usually called the alpha and beta receptors. This ER antibody recognizes a protein of 67 kDa, which is identified as estrogen receptor (ER) alpha.

E-Cadherin, RMab

E-Cadherin stains positively in glandular epithelium as well as Adenocarcinomas of the lung and G.I. tract, and ovary. E-Cadherin has been useful in distinguishing Adenocarcinoma from Mesothelioma. It has also been shown to be positive in some Thyroid Carcinomas. It can be used to differentiate Ductal Carcinomas (positive for E-Cadherin) from Lobular Breast Carcinomas. Loss of E-Cadherin function or expression has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. E-Cadherin downregulation decreases the strength of cellular adhesion within a tissue, resulting in an increase in cellular motility. This may then allow cancer cells to cross the basement membrane and invade surrounding tissues. Loss of E-Cadherin expression has been suggested as a poor prognostic sign in Breast Carcinoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.

Progesterone Receptor (PR), RMab

The progesterone receptor (PR) also known as NR3C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3), is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. PR is encoded by a single gene PGR residing on chromosome 11q22; it has two main forms, A and B, which differ in their molecular weight. Like all steroid receptors, the progesterone receptor has an amino and a carboxyl terminal, and between them the regulatory domain, a DNA binding domain, the hinge section, and the hormone binding domain.

GATA3, RMab

GATA3 expression is found in urothelial carcinoma, especially in invasive and high grade tumors. Therefore, anti-GATA3 can be used in a panel of antibodies for diagnosis of unknown primary carcinoma, when carcinomas of the breast or bladder are a possibility. Studies have also shown the utility of GATA-3 in differntiating urothelial carcinoma from prostate adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine, cervix, anus and lung.

HER-2 neu, RMab

HER-2 neu (also known as c-erbB-2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and is notable for its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and as a target of treatment. It is a cell membrane surface-bound tyrosine kinase and is normally involved in the signal transduction pathways leading to cell growth and differentiation. HER-2 neu is a proto-oncogene located at the long arm of human chromosome 17(17q11.2-q12).

P53, MMab

p53 has been described as ”the guardian of the genome”, referring to its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. p53 has many anti-cancer mechanisms. It can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage; it can also hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition. It can initiate apoptosis, programmed cell death, if DNA damage proves to be irreparable. p53 is central to many of the cell’s anti-cancer mechanisms. It can induce growth arrest, apoptosis and cell senescence. Mutations involving p53 have been found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including Breast, Ovarian, Bladder, Colon, Lung, and Melanoma.

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